Various Birds of Bangladesh

Bangladeshi birds are coded for abundance, breeding,  wintering, migration, endemic, rare, etc.; Two thousands pages on birds, nature, bird seeing, where to go birding, birds and nature images, nature conservation, equipment, bird feeding, etc. 

This country is the home to a huge number of species of birds that vary from residents, that stay total year around, to breeding birds, that spend a well part of the growing season in Bangladesh to raise their young, migrants who pass through Bangladesh with the seasons, to wintering birds who like to spend most part of the winter in Bangladesh to escape colder conditions up north. While many kinds of birds are relatively common such they are part of the ecosystems of the country, it is always a thrill to stumble upon a rare bird or vagrant, that does not really form part of any the Bangladesh ecosystems. Maybe it got lost during its travels between its summer and winter residence or it got displaced by bad weather.

The national bird of Bangladesh

Among the kinds of the checklist of the birds of this country you can search  waterfowl and wading birds, a huge suite of song birds, raptors, game birds, swifts and nighthawks, etc., many of which occupy several ecosystems simultaneously, as they fly to and from forests, meadows, shorelines of waters, cities and and urban green spaces. At Birdlist, we have developed a coding system that can help you predict when you may expect a certain species, with a code for seasonality, such as resident, nesting, wintering, etc. A code for abundance will give you a clue on the likelihood that you may actually see a certain species of bird. As we progressed with the coding, we realized that there should be a differentiation in the coding for "common", such as less common, common and very common birds. However, this would require reliable quantative data, which for most states, are not revealed by the commission of bird records. We hope to provide those in the future. In the meantime, enjoy the current checklist of the birds of Bangladesh.

There are different types of birds in our country. They are different in colour , size and habit. They eat different kinds of food. Some birds eat fish and flesh, some live on warms and insects, some on fruits and grains some on filth and grains, some on filth and garbage’s . birds are divided into many classes. They are teasing birds, song birds, rapacious birds. Game birds, migratory birds and tailor birds.

There are some great locations for bird watching in Bangladesh: forests, mountains, and even choice areas in and around most of the lakes. However, if you don't know what you're looking for then you might as well sleep in or go searching for Bengal Tigers.

The Doel or the magpie robin is the national bird of Bangladesh. One of the more familiar birds about towns and villages. Shy, silent and unobtrusive during non-breeding season, but known to pull a complete change of character that more often than not sees it skulking about in the bushes and trees, subtly cooing in hopes of attracting a mate.

Conspicuous during breeding season when the male Doel sings lustily (chirping the bird equivalent of Barry White) from its favorite treetop or post, specifically during early mornings and late afternoons. The doel's chirping is accentuated by upward jerks of its white fringed tail. The Doel also happens to be a very good mimic of other birds' calls (which is a good trick to know when you're out searching for a mate). It jealously guards its breeding territory, and intruding males are regaled with all sorts of bird machismo including a puffed out chest, strutting about a general display of arrogance (much like you would expect to find in Naples, Italy - only there we're not talking about birds).

The Shalik or myna bird is a very common bird species in Bangladesh. A common myna is about the size of an American robin. Its colors range from rich wine-brown on the lower breast to deep black on the head, neck, and upper breast. It has a splash of white on the lower edge of its wings, and its bill and legs are a bright yellow. This myna feeds on plants, insects, and worms. It often builds its nest in crevices of buildings. It is a noisy bird that is common about yards and buildings. Thus, you don't need to travel far to find a myna staring back at you within your binoculars range of vision. It is often seen among chickens or perched on the backs of cattle.

Just like back in the United States, mynas are easily taught to imitate the human voice and can talk, sing, and whistle.

Meanwhile, the Machhhranga or the kingfisher is very common in the Bangladesh river delta. Twelve varieties of kingfishers have been recorded in Bang including the brown-winged, white-collard, black-capped and the rare ruddy kingfisher.

The Kaththokra or the woodpecker boasts an incredible 22 different in the country, especially in the Sundarbans.

And finally, the red-cockaded woodpecker is becoming rarer and identified as a vulnerable species in Bang, its classification being listed just under endangered.

It doesn't take much too really get sucked into the joy of bird watching. A field guide, a sturdy pair of binoculars and a little patience. Check out the Travel link on Bangladesh.com for reliable points-of-contact for tour agencies that can provide transport to the best bird watching areas in the region.

The Doel or the magpie robin is the national bird of Bangladesh. One of the more familiar birds about towns and villages. Shy, silent and unobtrusive during non-breeding season, then skulking in shrubbery and only uttering plaintive swee-ee and harsh chur-r. Conspicuous during breeding season when male sings lustily from favourite tree-top or post, chiefly early mornings and late afternoons. Song punctuated by upward jerks of white fringed tail. Also very good mimic of other birds' calls. Breeding territories jealously guarded, and intruding males defied with puffing- out, strutting and much show of pugnacity.

The Machhhranga or the kingfisher is very common in riverine Bangladesh. Twelve varieties of kingfishers have been recorded here including the brown-winged, white-collard, black-capped and the rare ruddy kingfisher.

Kingfisher on Action

The Shalik (myna) is a very common bird in Bangladesh. The common myna is about the size of an American robin. Its colors range from rich wine-brown on the lower breast to deep black on the head, neck, and upper breast. It has a splash of white on the lower edge of its wings, and its bill and legs are a bright yellow. This myna feeds on plants, insects, and worms. It often builds its nest in crevices of buildings. It is a noisy bird that is common about yards and buildings. It is often seen among chickens or perched on the backs of cattle. People have released the common myna into the wild in many tropical Pacific islands, including Hawaii, where the bird is now abundant. Talking mynas are sometimes kept as pets. Many imitate the human voice and can talk, sing, and whistle.

Herons are carnivorous and largely eat fishes and frogs. Usually the birds stand still in or near the water or on some objects floating or emergent in the water, and suddenly strike at the passing prey either impaling or killing it instantly. Cattle Egrets often follow grazing cattle and catch insects, frogs and small reptiles disturbed by them.

Herons bird of Bangladesh

Common Bangladeshi herons are Pond Heron or Paddybird (Kani or Kana Bok), Ardeola grayii; Cattle Egret (Go-bok), Bubulcus ibis; Little Egret (Choto Sada Bok), Egretta garzetta; Median/Intermediate Egret (Majhari Sada Bok), Egretta (new name: Mesophyox) intermedia; Large Egret (Bora or Jathua Bok), Egretta alba (new name: Casmerodius albus); Grey Heron (Dhushar Bok), Ardea cinerea; Purple Heron (Beguni Bok), Ardea purpurea; Giant or Goliath Heron (Brihat or Mohakai Bok), Ardea goliath; Black-crowned Night Heron (Wak or Nishi Bok), Nycticorax nycticorax and Tiger Bittern (Bagha Bok), Gorsachius melanolopus. All but the night and tiger herons are diurnal while these two species are nocturnal or crepuscular. Goliath Heron is either migratory or vagrant in the country and there have been only a few records of sightings during past few decades. Pond Heron, Little Egret and Cattle Egret are the most common and widespread herons in the country. Tiger Bittern is less common and secretive than the Night Heron.

 

Flower Business Can Help Poor Women

Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in this world. The residents are principally bucolic, with about eighty percent of its 135 million natives alive in rural areas. For their livelihoods rural community depend generally on the ground, which is both productive and extremely helpless. Most of the state is made up of overflow plain and while the alluvial soil provides good arable soil, outsized areas are at danger because of recurrent floods and cyclones, which take lives and obliterate crops, cattle and assets.

From the time when the 1990s the state has made good development towards reducing the incidence of scarcity, achieving a one percent drop in the amount of citizens living below the scarcity line everyday. Estimates of rural scarcity rates now stand stuck between 53 percent and 43.6 percent. In general the depth and harshness of scarcity has been abridged more effectively in rural areas than in built-up areas, even though rural zones still lag far at the back municipal areas in terms of development. It is so important to overcome this poverty. Many species of flowers grown in Bangladesh. In rural people can collect this flower and sell in the market place they can get a good amount of profit.

Flowers put on the market reasonably on the streets of the Bangladesh capital city Dhaka, adding fire to the efforts of more than a few other kids almost suppliant for sales at a stoplight.
Up till now flowers are suitable a significant resource of profits for many in Bangladesh as order for blossoms for the whole thing from social occasions to countrywide holidays soars. The new significance is portion for many in this state where almost one-third of the nation’s 160 million inhabitants stay alive on just 1.25 a day gradually inch their approach from poor quality.

Before ten years in number present were no bloom marketplace in the town, but at the present it has one with in excess of a dozen stalls and more than a few more stalls on sidewalks. Many sensation stories proliferate from around the countryside, with flowers being used to wish somebody well, pass on good wishes to students over achievement in exams or in finding a job. Community now takes flowers on hospital visits, as an alternative of the usual fruit and flowers are also accepted as presents at weddings.

Rivers Network of Bangladesh

The great and mighty river Ganges, which begins from the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh(one of state of India), enters Bangladesh from the north west through Rajshahi. It joins the Brahmaputra in the middle of the country, North West of the capital city Dhaka. The Ganges convert its name to Padma as it across into Bangladesh, while the principal flow of Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna. It is these mighty rivers and their countless tributaries that have the most apparent effect on the area constant erosion and flooding over the alluvial plains change the course of rivers, agriculture and landscape. The Jamuna alone is estimated to carry down nine hundred million tons of silt every year.

Rivers are the most important geographical features in this country and it is the rivers that make the vast alluvial delta. It’s been known that the out flow of water from Bangladesh is the 3rd highest in the earth, after the Amazon and the Congo. The Padma, Jamuna and the lower Meghna are the widest rivers of Bangladesh, with the latter expanding to around up to eight kilometers across in the wet season and even more during the reason of floods.

Bangladesh is proud of its many rivers and therefore affectionately called the name ‘Land of Rivers’ by its population. Every year they enrich the land and make it more and more fertile. At the same period they also cause immense loss of lives and poperty when the devastating floods occurs.

One of the best ways to see the real beauty of Bangladesh and its rivers is by taking a boat journey on the rivers. A journey from Dhaka to Khulna on board the famous Paddle Steamer through some mighty, big and small rivers gives you the opportunity to see this unbelievable beauty.

The main rivers of Bangladesh are the Padma, the Megna and the Jamuna. The Brahamaputra is one of the mighty rivers. The Dhaleswari and the Karnafuli also big river. Besides, there are many small rivers such as the Buriganga, the Sitallakya, the Gumti, the Tista, the Atrai, the Kortoa, The Arial Kha, The Ichamoti The Mohananda, the Madhumati and many others.

The rivers are played a great role for us. Our agriculture mostly depends on the rivers. The rivers supply us water and make the soil fertile by depositing silt. Thus they help to grow paddy, jute, wheat and many other crops. The rivers also help our irrigation system.
Our rivers are a great source of property. The rivers are the main source of fishes. Fish is one of the most important foods of our country. Huge number of people earns their livelihood by catching fish in the rivers.

Rivers are most important means for our transport too. Ferry, Boats, launches, steamers ply through them in all period of year. These carry passengers and goods from one place to another. These rivers also played most important role in our trade and commerce.

The rivers have great influence on the livelihood of people in many kinds of ways.
The population of Bangladesh loves these rivers and its slow music. The poets have written many beautiful poems and literature upon these rivers.

Rivers is Bangladesh’s blessing and curse too. For nearly half the year, the seasonal rains occurs the country’s three main rivers, the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna, and their tributaries to swell. Devastating floods are often flatted this area. During the rest of the year, the dry monsoon brings almost no rainfall and droughts threaten the agriculture, economy and the health of the natural environment.

The Kaptai Dam(present Chittagong division), inaugurated in 1960s, was the 1st large dam built in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) and is still the only large hydropower project. Almost 22,000 hectares of arable land and 18,000 houses were flooded for make room for this project.

In the 1990s, groups in Bangladesh begun to draw spotlight to the large scale displacement of the indigenous communities who were not consulted prior to the construction of the hydropower project and were not compensated for their losses afterward. Local population and civil society groups now fight for compensation for the displaced as well as against plans to extend the Kaptai Dam project and its reservoir, which would be lead to the loss of even more biodiversity-rich area.

The govt. of Bangladesh intends to upraise hydropower capacity both in the country and abroad. Large dams in neighboring Burma could in the early future provide a new source of hydroelectricity for Bangladesh.

The rivers of this country mark both the physio-graphic of the nation and the livelihood of the people. About seven hundred in number, these rivers generally flow south. The biggest rivers serve as the principal source of water for agriculture and as the main arteries of financial transportation. Rivers also provide us fish, most important source of protein. Flooding of the rivers during the rainy season occurs enormous hardship and hinders development, but fresh deposits of rich silt replenish the fertile on land but overworked soil. The rivers also maintain drains system in monsoon rainfall into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, the mighty river system is at the same period the country's main resource and its greatest hazard.

The profusion of the rivers can be divided into five main networks. The Jamuna-Brahmaputra is 292 kilometers long and extends from northern side of Bangladesh to its confluence with the Padma. Flowing as the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang in China's Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibbet) and originating through India's state of Arunachal Pradesh (State of Indai), where it becomes known as the Brahmaputra (Son of Brahma), it receives waters from five principal tributaries that total at least 740 kilometers in length. At the point where the Brahmaputra meets another river Tista in Bangladesh, it becomes called as the Jamuna. The Jamuna is notorious for its shifting sub channels and for the formation of fertile silt islands. No fixed settlements can exist along its banks.

The second system is the great Padma-Ganges, which is divided into two sections : (i) a 258 kilometer segment, the Ganges, which extends from the western border with India to its confluence with the mighty river Jamuna some 72 kilometers west part of Dhaka, and (ii) a 126 kilometer segment, the Padma, which runs from the Ganges-Jamuna confluence to where it add the Meghna at Chandpur (district of Bangladesh). The Padma-Ganges is the middle part of a deltaic river system with hundreds of rivers and streams some 2,100 kilometers in length originating generally east/west into the Padma.

The third strong network is the Surma-Meghna system, which courses from the north-eastern border with India to Chandpur(district of Bangladesh), where it joins with Padma. The Surma-Meghna, at 669 kilometers by itself the longest river in the country, is formed by the union of six lesser rivers. After the city of Kalipur it is known as the Meghna. When the Padma and Meghna attested together, they form the fourth river system, the Padma-Meghna which flows 145 kilometers towards the Bay of Bengal.

This strong network of four river systems originating through this country Plain drains an area of some 1.5 million square kilometers. The numerous networks of the Padma-Meghna, its distributaries, and smaller parallel rivers that flow towards the Bay of Bengal are moved to as the Mouths of the Ganges.

The fifth mighty river network system, enjoined to the other four, is the Karnaphuli. Flowing through the region of Chittagong (Divistion of Bangladesh) and the Chittagong Hills, it flow across the hills and runs rapidly downhill to the west and southwest part and then moved to the sea. The Feni, Karnaphuli, Sangu, and Matamuhari an aggregate of some 420 kilometers are the principal rivers in the locality. The port of Chittagong (biggest port of Bangladesh) is situated on the banks of the Karnaphuli. The Karnaphuli Reservoir and Karnaphuli Dam (hydroelectric power project) are located in this area. This dam impounds the Karnaphuli's waters in the reservoir for the generation of hydroelectric power.

During the annual rainy season, the rivers of Bangladesh flow at about 140,000 cubic meters per second, but during the summer season they diminish to 7,000 cubic meters per second. Because water is so vital to farming more than 60% of the net arable land, some 9.1 million hectares, is cultivated in the rainy season despite the possibility of severe flooding, and nearly 40% of the land is cultivated during the dry winter months. Water resources enrich has responded to this dual water regime by providing flood protection, drainage to prevent overflooding and waterlogging, and irrigation facilities for the expansion of winter cultivation. Main water control system have been enriched by the national govt. to provide irrigation, drainage facilities, flood control, aids to river navigation, road construction and hydroelectric power project. At present, thousands of tube-wells and electric pumps are used for local irrigation. Despite severe resource constraints, the government of Bangladesh has made it a process to try to bring additional land under irrigation without salinity intrusion.

Water resources system, including gravity flow irrigation, drainage, flood control were largely the responsibility of Bangladesh Water Development Board. Other public sector institutions, like as the Bangladesh Krishi Bank, the Bangladesh Rural Development Board, the Bangladesh Bank, Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation were also bound for promotion and enrichment of minor irrigation works in the private sector through government credit mechanisms.

Climate Change in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster prone country in this world. With nearly two hundred major natural disasters since liberation 1971, the population is struggling to cope with the impact of climate change on their lives security.

In November 2007, the devastating Cyclone 'Sidr' struck and killed more than 3,000 lives and another cyclone AILA in 2009. Almost 1.4 million stoke of food grain was lost when severe flooding occurred an entire growing season to be hell.

Various N.G.O and co-operative projects are helping farmer's makeshift to the new challenges, with improved farming process and new technologies and with the innovative ‘Climate Field of School’ project. Developed framings are successfully using new types of drought resistant seeds identified. These new plant varieties and the practice of homestead farming ensure year round earning balance, more balanced diets and gender adjustment.

This country is a central point of example for the injustice of climate change. Its per capita strength consumption is the equivalent of about 1 liter of oil for per week, contributing a small fraction of 1 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Till now international climate change risk assessments blast in 2010 identify Bangladesh like the world’s most vulnerable country.

Rising sea levels is a biggest threat inundation and saline intrusion in the southern coastal region, the risk accentuated by prediction of greater climate disaster intensity. The locality of this area is projected to reach forty four million in recent future.

With forty percent of coastal area already affected by salinity, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan expressed in 2009 anticipates permanent displacement of 6 or 8 million people in 2050.

In a climate change movement from the north, melting Himalayan (situated in India) glaciers may disrupt the flows of the three great rivers (Padma, Meghna and Jamuna), first with excess flooding and eventually with diminished level. Erratic season patterns and longer times of drought in the north complete the roll call of climate changes for Bangladesh.

Scientists disagree on the upper and lower levels of these effects and how much rice yields may fall. But there is no dispute that the underlying temperature will raise by about 1.5 degrees by 2050.

Moreover the eventual resolution of these debates, there is consensus that the relationship between people and the soil in Bangladesh is subject to increasing risk of destabilization. Anthropogenic global temperature will to a greater or lesser degree aggravate an area of environmental stresses that already expose the financial limitations of very economically week families.

The broad goal of adaptation in this country is to raising the country’s resilience to these environmental stresses. The country’s vulnerability of climate change is like that adaptation is closely allied with disaster system, an all too familiar discipline in this country.

Spending over the last thirty years is believed to have exceeded ten billion dollar. This has been invested in polder defenses along the coastline, emergency shelter construction, river dredging, early warning systems and local education. The shelters were credited with protecting 10 of 1,000 of lives from the cyclone Sidr.

In the context of food production, adaptation and disaster system embraces modern research into the development of seeds which can survive flooding for a longer time or whose yield is unaffected by salinity. There are programmers exploring the potential of micro-insurance for cover total figure of crop failure.

Future govt. intentions are articulated in the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Planning. A National Climate Change Committee coordinates ministries to ensure that there are no climate blind spots in govt. technique.

Bangladesh is therefore well positioned to play a vital role amongst developing countries on climate change adaptation and disaster system. The country is a forceful advocate for new international rules to protect the rights of climate refugees. And it is active in researching the change for international litigation to recover climate-related losses from the countries which are responsible for global warming.

Bangladesh decide that it have needs 5 billion dollar in the period of 2015 to kick start its adaptation programmers. The govt. has committed 100m per annum from its own budget and takes an assertive position in international negotiations, claiming as much as 15 percent of any climate funds earmarked for developing countries. The justification is that more people will be affected in this country than elsewhere.

In anticipation of donor help, the govt. approved a Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund during 2010 with initial capitalization of 110 million dollar. The fund is designed to be a road for international climate finance for adaptation and low carbon dioxide growth. Distribution will be under controlled by the Bangladesh govt.

Another stream of climate finance is governed by the World Bank under its Pilot Program on Climate change Resilience fund. An initial trance of grant and concessionary loan finance is designed to leverage multilateral funding of over 500 million dollar, largely for coastal protection programmers.

In Dhaka, the donors were briefed about Bangladesh government's stance on facing the changing climate saying that, Bangladesh had already taken different kinds of measures for control environmental action to mitigate the adverse impact of the climate change. But it is now apparent that the donors were not providing share to the projects requiring big scale investments. They are giving financial support for technical studies and planning only.

Addressing a recent meeting of Bangladesh gvot. finance minister explain the development partners for meager disbursement of Global Environment Facility funds. He said Bangladesh needs substantial investment to adequately take care of the effluents and solid waste. These are all environment-friendly projects and the govt. sought funds from development joiners for setting up effluent treatment plants. Unfortunately, for big effluent disposal plants and waste dumps, the govt. could not garner any support from any development partners. In fact, loss of biodiversity and the scourge of poor people adversely affect the environmental balance, requiring attention and fund for amelioration. Since the reason of climate change has taken precedence in the global environmental discourse, other issues like rapid urbanization and industrialization are not getting adequate attention.

Bangladesh has sought funds for twelve different projects including reopening of jute mills shut down earlier. A Multi-donor trust fund, finances govt. environmental projects having trans-boundary environmental impacts. It funds projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international land degradation, the ozone layer, waters and persistent organic pollutants through World Bank, Asian Development Bank and different United Nations organs such as UNDP, UNEP and FAO.

British Minister Douglas Alexander said that, recently that Britain and other developed countries had a moral duty to help Bangladesh and other poor countries adapt their infrastructure, farming and economies to climate change. The world has now a duty to rise to the challenge and ensure that we support the poverty of the world at least which are responsible for climate change to prevent and prepare for its cruel consequences, he added.
Bangladesh is now in the international spotlight on the adverse impacts of global warming. It is so essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions world-wide and enhance the country's capability to adapt to perilous impacts of climate change. The adversities stemming from the changing climate under the impact of heavy carbon dioxide emission by rich countries are threatening to set back the impoverished nation's efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals by 2015, particularly through its devastating consequences for farming and food security.

This country (Bangladesh) is trapped between the Himalayas (India) in the north and the encroaching the Bay of Bengal to the south. The delta is most vulnerable of natural disaster due to the frequency of extreme climate change events and its big population density. The predicted warming increase will cause the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Bangladesh may lost one-third of its land area due to the rise of sea level, which is the direct outcome of climate change. The impacts of higher warming and sea-level rise are already felt. The hazardous climate can be change will affect water resources, ecosystems, agriculture, food security, biodiversity, human health and coastal zones in Bangladesh.

These climate changes are already having major impacts on the financial performance of Bangladesh and on the livelihoods of millions of poor people. It was predicted by experts that a one-meter rise in sea level would inundate seventeen percent of this country; frequency of natural disaster is likely to increase during the running century. Two successive floods and deadly cyclone (Sidr, AILA) that caused heavy damaged to lives, wealth and crops worth about $2.8 billion in 2007 are indications of the climate change.
According to Inter-governmental board on Climate Change the sea-level rise will be in the range of 15 cm to 90 cm by the year 2100. Even a 10-cm sea-level rise will damage about 2,500 square kms land area of Bangladesh. A 30-45cm sea-level rise is likely to inundate about 35 million people from local districts by 2050. Last year, two rounds of flooding and a devastating cyclone (Sidr) attacked Bangladesh, destroy thousands of lives and causing huge financial losses. The climate change has been occurred as the reason behind the disasters. Crop lands are predicted to fall by up to 30%, creating a huge high risk of hunger due to climate change.

A research by the World Bank, leading donors and the Bangladeshi government had search that the country quickly needed huge amounts of property to ensure its survival. It needs at least $4.0 billion by 2020 to build cyclone shelters, dams and plant trees along the coast and build infrastructure and capacities to adapt to increasing number of natural disasters in Bangladesh.

Till now, environmental scientists believes money is not sufficient and developed countries should feel obliged to offer assistance to Bangladesh which is facing devastating natural disasters, occurring for no fault of its own. The rich countries should not stay indifferent when the effected country goes under the sea, they said. Bangladeshi government had launched an aggressive battle to fight with climate challenges, but it should have begun many years earlier. Now it is not too late but the country needs a lot of support including funding and technical expertise from the global community. The country especially needs help from those developed nations whose carbon emissions have created the problems and they should also be prepared to open their doors to the millions of Bangladeshi people who will become climate refugees.

Given these realities, the donors should spontaneously come forward for help Bangladesh's efforts to come back the fallout of man-made climate change. It is so important to remind them that climate funding was largely seen as a compensation for the industrial excesses of the west world over the last century and the traditional donor's recipient formula was not acceptable below these circumstances.

Forest Location in Bangladesh (Sundorbon)

Bangladesh is situated in the north eastern side of South Asia between 20° 34' and 26° 38' north latitude and between 88° 01' and 92° 41' east longitude. It lies in the active delta of three main rivers- Padma, Meghna and Jamuna and their numerous tributaries. Bangladesh covers an area of 1,47,570 sq.km and surrounded by India from the west, north and most of east. Myanmar sitauted on the southeastern edge and the Bay of Bengal on the south part.

A small part of tracts higher land occur in Mymensingh, Chittagong, Sylhet, Cox's Bazar and Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) regions. The southwestern region consists of a large amount of dead and Cut-off Rivers. The coastal part of Bangladesh includes the famous and biggest Sundarbans Mangrove Forest. A number of depressed basins are found in the district of greater Mymensingh and Sylhet which are inundated by fresh water during the monsoon season that gradually dry out during the dry winter season. These depressed basins are called 'Haor'.

Bangladeshi Climate is sub-tropical and monsoon rainfall varies from 1200-3500mm. Rice is the major staple crop while jute, sugarcane, and tea are the main cash crops. Other cash crops are wheat, tobacco, pulses, vegetable and tree fruits. Garments, raw and manufactured jute goods, fish, tea and hides and skins are the chief exports.
Bangladesh is noted for its estuarine environment, yet less than 10 percent of its total water flow originates from its own sources and rest comes from India, Bhutan and Nepal. Normally 20 percent of the country gets flooded during the rainy season.

Bangladesh possesses enormous large area of wetlands including rivers and streams, freshwater lakes and marshes, haors, baors, beels, water storage reservoirs, fish ponds, flooded cultivated fields and estuarine process with extensive mangrove forest. Wetlands of coastal area and marine origin are less important in Bangladesh. The haors, baors, beels and jheels are of fluvial origin and are commonly identified for freshwater wetlands. These freshwater wetlands occupy four landscape units -floodplains, freshwater marshes, lakes and swamp forests.

Characteristics being identified in the lower end of the topography, wetlands are subject to periodic inundation/flooding, shallow to deep, during rainy season. For understand the hydro-geomorphological characteristics of the wetlands, a typical haor may be considered as an ideal example.

Apart from the major river such as Padma, Meghna and Jamuna courses and streams, the major wetlands of fluvial origin occupy the floodplains. The manmade wetlands including ponds, dighis and lakes are distributed all over the land. Some important wetlands of Bangladesh are chalon beel, Atrai basin, lower Punarbhaba floodplain, Gopalganj-Khulna Beels, Arial Beel and Surma-Kushiyara.

Importance the wetlands have a wide area of ecological, socio-cultural, commercial and economic importance and values in the country. These are important habitats for a huge variety of flora and fauna of local, national and regional significance. In the clean water wetlands the floral composition. Wetlands are critically important in the country for human settlements, fisheries, agricultural diversity, biodiversity, navigation & communication and eco-system.

Degradation of wetlands has caused many kinds of problems including extinction and reduction of wildlife, extinction of many indigenous wild and domesticated rice varieties, Loss of many indigenous aquatic plants, shrubs, herbs and weeds, loss of natural soil nutrients, loss of natural water sources and of their resultant benefits, increase in the occurrence of flooded and degeneration of wetland based occupations, eco-systems, socio-economic institutions and cultures.

Mangroves, the coastal area of tropical forests on land, and also called "salt water forests", have provided livelihood for a lot of local people in Bangladesh. The Sundarbans the world's largest mangrove forest stretches for almost 6,000 square miles across India and Bangladesh, a natural barrier against tsunamis and frequent cyclones that blow in from Bay of Bengal. With roots that tolerate salt water, the forest's mangrove trees grow 70 feet or more high islands of layered sand and gray clay, deposited by rivers which flow more than thousand miles from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal.

More than last 20 years, shrimp and tiger prawn exporters have taken over thousands of rice paddies and other farms and flooded them with salt water to raise the temperature.

Squeezed between the trees and thousands of expanding shrimp and tiger prawn farms, at least 100,000 urban people lives in Bangladesh risk Bengal tiger attacks who catch fish, cut trees and gather honey in the Sundarbans forest. For thousands of families who refuse to leave, the only select left is the hazardous work of gathering honey, catching fish or cutting trees in the mangrove forest, which lies in a region with one of this country's heaviest concentrations of shrimp and tiger prawn farms, extending almost fifty miles inland.

Many village peoples enter the forest for cut trees, for fishing, for collect hogla pata to supply factories that make hardboard for furniture and buildings, and additional wood products. Honey hunters often have one of the most risky job, searching for bees' nests in vegetation so dense that the only way through is on hands and knees. Each spring season, the honey collectors go deeply into debt to rent boats for their journey through a vast warren of muddy saltwater rivers and canals that meander around thousands of jungle islands. They have to stock up on food and supplies for their trips that may be up to three months.

Thrust into the deep Sundorbons by shrimp farming, villagers, honey hunters have to struggle for the liquid gold, closely preserved by forest animals such as pythons, king cobras, crocodiles and most dangerous the man-eating Bengal tigers.

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The experts invent that foliage has been stripped from the branches of trees in nearly a third of this mangrove forest which was inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1997, while numerous huge number of trees have been felled and the crowns of others severely damaged.

The greatest damage has been saw in the East Sundarbans, the biologically richest part of the forest, which lies in the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers to the Bay of Bengal.

More than three thousand and two hundred people are confirmed to have been killed and almost 880 others remain missing as a result of Cyclone Sidr, which struck Bangladesh on fifteen November, bringing torrential rain and blow winds of up to 240 kilometers per hour.

The experts have not yet been able to identify the impact of the cyclone on the wildlife in the Sundarbans (mangrove forest), which is home to numerous endangered or threatened species just like as the Bengal tiger, the estuarine crocodile, king cobra and the Indian python. Its complex network of tidal water lands, small islands and mudflats are also breeding grounds for fish, shrimp and crab, providing a livelihood for an estimated thirty lakhs people.

In a press statement which released by UNESCO at its Paris headquarters, the experts said that the damage caused by Cyclone Sidr has left the Sundarbans ecosystem vulnerable to poaching and other intrusions that could jeopardize its regeneration.

Many field stations, boats, jetties and equipment drived by the country’s govt. Forest Department has been washed out to sea, compromising the Department’s capacity to manage the 1,40,000 hectare site.

The experts invite on international donors for help Bangladesh rebuild and restore its infrastructure and replace the lost boats and communication equipment. So that it can better protect the Sundarbans for Bangladesh.

Natural Calamity of Bangladesh and Earning Sources

The natural calamity of Bangladesh ruined on Bangladesh much in the year 2007. Two times the crops damaged by flood. Later farmers invested their last wealth in their land and most of them took loan from various out sources. But they failed to take crops back to their houses which were their last resorts. Cyclone sidr damaged their last wealth at the finish of season.

Village housewives planted papaya tree in front of their kitchen, houses/yard which they take care of such as their children. Recent cyclone sidr damaged those trees and they are trying to protect it.

As soon as possible farmers in Bangladesh will start to reap paddy (boro season) in the next dry season (Irrigation). New army supported care taker government has made some rules and regulation to distribute fertilizers and seeds among the farmers to control fertilizer’s high price. They selected one dealer in every union council. Farmers should be maintain some formalities to buy fertilizers from the dealers such as purchasing issue cards, fixed date, current money, serial, time etc which are very difficult for the illiterate or poor farmers. Farmers also have to spend more time and money for buying fertilizer under these processes. But before they used to buy fertilizers from the grocery shops and sometimes they bound to buy on due. Because they are very poor. Then they didn't need any formalities, carrying cost, current money and spoil their valuable time. Recently we can observed (in Daily news papers) some of the farmers’ agitation demanding fertilizers in the various districts of Bangladesh. Though govt. declares that, they have plenty of fertilizers and they would appoint three sub-dealers in every union council which can be reduced farmers from sufferings.

Authorities need to make rules and regulations for going to the land or grassroots to make rules flexible for the farmers. If they make rules by sitting in their air-conditioned rooms and wearing black sunglass then they may have faced many kinds of problems with farmers in near of future.

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. More than half of Bangladeshi people live below the national poverty line.

For their livelihoods urban people depend mainly on agriculture which is both depend on fertile and extremely vulnerable. Most of the country in this world made up of flood plain and while the alluvial soil provides well arable land, large areas are at risk because of frequent floods and many other natural climates which take plenty of lives and destroy crops, property and livestock.
In Bangladesh Child malnutrition rate is 48% which is the second highest in the world. A condition that is tied to the rural social status of women in Bangladesh society. About 20 percent of urban households live in poverty. Chronically majority of people suffer persistent food insecurity, own no cultivable field or wealth. Farmers are often illiterate and may also suffer from serious illnesses or disabilities. Another 29% of the urban people is moderately poor.
They may have a small plot of agriculture field and some livestock, but while they generally have sufficient to eat, their diets lack protein and other nutritional vitamins. This segment of the urban population is at risk of sliding deeper into poverty. As a result of health problems or natural disasters. Injury or crop failure caused by unexpected and severe weather conditions frequently ruins the livelihoods and the hopes of many people.
Small-scale farmers may overcome at either of these levels of poverty. Their lives are precarious, because of the seasonal nature of farm income and natural disasters like floods and drought may periodically destroy their crops and livestock. 

Bangladesh is primarily an increasing economy. Agriculture is one of the single largest producing sectors of economy in Bangladesh since it comprises about 30 percent of the countries GDP and employing around 60 percent of the total labor force. The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives such as poverty alleviation, employment generation, human resources development and food security. 

Meeting the nation's food requirements remains the key-objective of the govt. and in recent years there has been substantial increase in grain production. However, due to calamities such as loss of food, flood and cash crops is a recurring phenomenon which disrupts the continuing progress of the entire economy. 

Agricultural sector in Bangladesh are generally small. Through Co-operatives are use of modern machinery is gradually gaining popularity. Such as Rice, Jute, Potato, Sugarcane, Pulses, Wheat, Tea and Tobacco are main crops. The crop sub-sector dominates the agriculture sector contributing about 72 percent of all production. Fisheries, livestock and forestry sub-sectors are 10.33 percent, 10.11 percent and 7.33 percent respectively. 

Bangladesh is the largest producer country of world's best Jute, which also known as natural jute or raw jute (golden fiber). Rice being the main food, its production is of major important. Rice production stood at 20.3 million tons in 1996-97 B.C.. Crop diversification program, extension, credit, research and input distribution system pursued by the govt. are yielding positive results. The country is now on the threshold of attending self-sufficiency in food grain production.

Agriculture remains one of the most important  part of Bangladeshi economy, contributing 19.6% to the national GDP and providing employment for 63% of the population. Agriculture in Bangladesh is heavily dependent on the weather and the entire crops can be wiped out in a matter of hours when cyclones hit the country. According to the World Bank, the total arable field in Bangladesh is 61.2 percent of the total land area (down from 68.3 percent in 1980 B.C.). Farms are normally very small due to heavily increasing population, unwieldy land ownership and inheritance rules or regulations. The three important harvest- rice, jute and tea have dominated agricultural exports for decades, although the paddy is grown almost entirely for domestic consumption, while jute and tea are the main export exchange earners. In addition to these products, Bangladeshi farmers produce tobacco, sugarcane, cotton and various kinds of fruits. They are produce also vegetables (sweet potatoes, bananas, pineapples, etc.) for the local market.

Rice is the main food in the everyday diet of Bangladeshi people. The production of rice, which can be harvested two or even three times in a year, reached 19.9 million metric tons in 1998-99. The production of wheat reached about two million metric tons in 1998-99. Both crops maintain an important role in achieving self-sufficiency in food production. However, due to weather conditions the production of rice, jute and wheat fluctuate greatly, forcing Bangladesh to import food from the international market or turn to international aid. Bangladesh imported 1.6 million tons of wheat (mainly from the U.S.A) in 2000 in order to meet the demand in the rural market.

Jute, often called "golden fiber" of Bangladesh is the main export-earner for Bangladeshi agriculture, as Bangladesh remains the world's second-largest producer of jute (after India) and the world's biggest exporter of fiber. Jute is traditionally used for the fiber of burlap bags, carpet making, cheap paper and various kinds of other purposes. Its importance is so vital for the Bangladeshi economy comes from the fact that almost three million farms are involved in jute production. In 1999 Bangladesh export foreign exchange earnings from jute amounted to US$55 million, with the country producing 720,000 metric tons of jute, although this is about one-third of the jute production of the middle of 1980. The decline in jute production is attributed to declining world prices for this and farmers are switching to other crops.

Bangladesh also produces tea leaves, mainly for export, although the export of this product contributes only one percent of the country's hard currency earnings. In the year 1998-99 Bangladesh produced 56,000 metric tons of tea leaves, but it could produce twice that amount. The main obstacle to increasing production in falling prices for tea in the international and local market in management and regulation problems in the industry in Bangladesh.

Tropical rainforest played a vital role for maintaining the ecological balance in Bangladesh and forestry contributes 1.9% to the GDP (1999-2000). The forest covers around at least 17 percent of the country's territory, or 2.5 million hectares (6.18 million acres). The timber is used in construction industry as a source of building materials, by the printing industry as a source of raw materials to produce paper, and in the agricultural department as a source of burning wood. Commercial logging is limited to around 6.1 million cubic feet and the govt. plans to sow more trees within the next 15 years.

Fishing is another important source in the country, contributing 4.9 percent GDP (1999-2000) and providing 6 percent of the total export currency. The overall fish production was around 1.6 million metric tons (1999-2000). Bangladesh exports its shrimp to the international world market.

Natural life of Bangladeshi People and Climate

The UNDP started their pilot project in 2006, will contribute 25 million dollar in the next five years for fifteen new projects in Bangladesh.

The innovative technology that used to replace the existing 150 year old process will simply made the brick making industry so efficient that when that is replicated across the Bangladesh.

UNDP said, the new system could reduce production costing, improved product quality, local pollution and most importantly, reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

According to UNDP, brick making is one of the most dangerous sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh which produces around 6.00 million tones of carbon di-oxide annually.

High carbon dioxide emission level is caused by the outdated technology and substandard fuels such- high sulphur coal, tires and wood energy in kilns. In Bangladesh it takes about 23 tones of coal to produce 100,000 bricks where as in other country it takes only 7.8-8 tones. 

Bangladesh is a small country on the Bay of Bengal that is surrounded by India. It is a poor country economically. Bangladeshi people earn an average income of 260 dollar per year. It is rich in culture and hospitality. Bangladeshis are 83 percent Muslim and one of the most densely populated country in this world. There are approximately 2,160 people per square mile.

75% of the labor works in agriculture and related jobs. Such as handicraft production, rugs, pottery, purses, jewelry etc provide much-needed income.

Bangladesh is small and beautiful but poor country. It is over populated also. Most of the people are Muslims here. Some of people are Hindus, some Buddhists and some Christians. Different kinds people live in our Bangladesh. Most of them are poor. at least 70-80% people live in villages. Some people live in towns too.

Dhaka is the Capital city of Bangladesh. I live in this city. I saw how the poor are spend their hard life in the town. Some people work in Garments sector, some are rickshaw-pullers, some are day labors, some are street hawkers and some are beggars, some are lorry driver etc.
In the morning when I go out from my home, I can see many men and women are to attend their Work. You know that most of the people are garments worker here. Every morning they are to attend their work and return home at night. The whole day they work very hard. They always maintain their work timely. Most of the workers are child labors.
Sometimes I see old men, young boys are rickshaw-pullers. The whole day they pull rickshaw for earn Money. The Day labors also work hard whole day. We can also see some street hawkers such as vegetable, fish and flower sellers. We also see that some  street beggars beg infront of the houses, markets, schools, colleges and Universities etc. Some are very older, some beg with baby.
Majority of them live in slums. They live under poverty. But they are part of Bangladeshi nature and our life. We can change our poor peoples’ life style. Rich people can help them beside some government activities. Bangladeshi people are very kind and well hearted. Please help the poor people and save Bangladesh from the poverty. Because we need a green world. But for the poor people our environment get damaged by many of kinds.

Such as Environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources are often observed in this country due to poverty, huge population and lack of awareness on many subject. It is manifested by deforestation, destruction of wetlands, depletion of soil nutrients and many others. Natural calamities such as floods, cyclones and tidal-bores also make result in severe socio-economic and environmental damage.
Waterborne diseases like cholera are a serious threat for public health in Bangladesh. Until the 1970, many of Bangladeshi people became sick by drinking polluted water drawn from rivers. Aid agencies like the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) built shallow tube-wells over the country for safe source of drinking water to Bangladesh's poor people.
In the 1990s however, it was invented that many of these wells were contaminated by arsenic, a poison which occurs naturally in Bangladesh's alluvial lands. The World Bank estimates, 25% of the countries and 4 million wells may be effected by arsenic. In 1998 the World Bank gives Bangladesh a $32.4 million credit to identify effected wells and develop other alternative sources for safe drinking water. Because it is essential for secure life.
In recent times, the government has taken some important steps for protection of the environment, environmentally sound use of natural sources and population control, adoption of National Environment Policy, formulation of National Conservation Strategy and the National Environment Management Action Plan are some of the measures undertaken by the government to upgrade environment with development by a policy framework.
To take legal action against environmental pollution, the government has recently established Environment courts. The Environment Conservation Rules 1997 B.C. has also been passed by the Parliament. The Department of Environment is taking measures to carry out surveys on identification and control of polluting river pollution, industries and automobile pollution.

Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon- like climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a winter. January is the coolest month with temperatures average near 26⁰ C (78⁰ F) and April the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36⁰ C (91 to 96⁰ F). The climate is one of the wettest in the earth. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm. Most rains occur during the monsoon (June-September) and little in the winter (November-February). 

Bangladesh is subject which devastating cyclones, originating over the Bay of Bengal in the periods of April to May and September to November. Often accompanied by surging waves, these storms cause great damage and loss of huge life. The cyclone of November 1970, in which about 500,000 people were lost in Bangladesh, was one of the worst natural disasters of Bangladesh in the 20th century.

Bangladesh has heat temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month. January is the coolest month and May the warmest. In Dhaka city the average January temperature is about 19 deg C (about 66 deg F) and the average temperature in May is about 29 deg C (about 84 deg F).